Common criterion examples are. This page lists every Google Sheets tutorial on Statology. How to Use SUMIF to Sum by Month and Year in Google Sheets. Learn more: Date: DAYS: DAYS(end_date,. ) date_cell: The specific date cell that you want to sum values based on;; sum_range: The range with values that you want to sum. i need google sheets SUM formula of 01-Aug-23 RK 30000 (SUM : 10000+20000) 01. WORKDAY in Google Sheets. Must Read: How to Use the Filter Function in Google Sheets [Basic and Advanced Use] Sumif – December Month Issue in Sumif. This will colour all dates more than a week away in green, all dates coming in the next week orange and the. So if A1 is between E1 and G1 i need it to be counted, but also i need to count if A1 is between E2 and G2, and then between E3 and G3, and so on (a list of date ranges) I'm not sure if. The SUMIF function in Google Sheets is an enhancement of the basic SUM function. 2) Create a Year column from your Date column (e. It’s quite simple actually. The result of the OP formula is 0. MM. DAYS360 : Returns the difference between two days based on the 360-day year used in some financial interest calculations. How to Round to Nearest 25 in Google Sheets. First, enter the data values into Excel: Step 2: Extract the Month from Dates. After that, in the second argument (criteria_range1), specify the range where you have the dates. . SUMIFS is an extended form of SUMIF formula where you can enter multiple criteria. . 4) Create a Pivot table with the fields, Count, Month and Year 5) Drag the Year and Month fields into Row Labels. Clear searchQuery to Sum Current Month Records in Google Sheets. Viewed 1k times. DATEDIF is a function that helps you find the total days, months, or years between two dates. Clear search(here's a link to this example table in Google Sheets) Additional info: Column A is formatted as date and column B as currency; The date format in Switzerland is dd. Sum if equal to. Includes numerous formula examples (WITH PICTURES). Months and years are only counted if they are equal to or go past the "day. Criteria can be applied to dates, numbers, and text. Therefore, use the formula =MIN(A2:A12). ]) Where: Sum_range (required) - the range to be summed. Yes. Click Value or formula and enter 0. To use the number of days between two dates in Google Sheets, you can Subtract these dates from each other using the “-” operator. Ideally, I'd use one cell for the start date of the relevant period, one cell for the end date, and then one cell for the number of months with a floating point number instead of an integer. The way I do it is: place the date in row A1, in row A2 using the formula do = A1 + [number of Days] Eg. For some reason there. Then use it with the PIVOT clause. For this example, I will find the total amount for sales made on or after February 1st, 2022. –To use dates within IF Functions, you can use the DATE Function to define a date: =IF(B3 > DATE(2020,1,1),"Delay","Ontime") One example of this formula is to calculate if a payment is over due: Payment Over Due =IF(D3>=(B3+C3),"OVERDUE","ONTIME") If Function with Dates – Google Sheets. Google Docs Editors. 3. I have inventory in 1 sheet with purchase date and other stuff, and in 2nd sheet, I want to sum the inventory which is older than 1 year (inspection date is a separate column in 2nd sheet) I'm having issues pulling the correct data out of this Google Sheet, and could use some help. In this example, the function sums units sold, if the value in the Clothing Item column equals Pants. Finding Days Difference Between Dates in Google Sheets. Type the SUMIF function in an empty cell. 0. How to Auto Increment Values in Google Sheets. The SUMIF function in Google Sheets is an enhancement of the basic SUM function. Here, the date format is mm-dd-yyyy. Input the initial part of the formula, which is =SUMIF (. 2. Back then, we used the SUM function with Boolean (TRUE/FALSE) logic, which worked fine, but, there. Learn more: Date: DAYS: DAYS(end_date, start_date) To “sum if” by week number, we will use the SUMIFS Function. SUM: Returns the sum of a series of numbers and/or cells. In Google sheets, use the =TODAY() code to for today's date and put this in another cell. Just to show that Google Sheets often provides more than one way of getting an outcome, try this query. =query (B1:D,"Select. In this example, the SUMIF formula Google Sheets checked each cell from A2 to A10 and looked for only those cells that contained the value “Packaging. The data for each week is contained in sheets named "Calender Week 01", "Calender Week 02", and so on. 1) add a helper column which calcluates the month eg =date (year (A2),month (A2),1) 2) Use the Format > More formats > More date and time formats feature to show the helper column as month and year. How to sum if between two dates in Excel. For each matching row, the function selected the corresponding hours worked value from. List of 600 How To articles for Excel and google Sheets. Its syntax is: This example will sum the number of Planned Deliveries on a specific Date by using the SUMIFS and DATE. This tutorial will demonstrate how to use the SUMIFS Function to sum data with specific dates in Excel and Google Sheets. Filtering by date and time also requires using additional functions. This is useful when you need to set the date to the end of the month or if you want to set a date at the end of the month and add a few months plus a few days. Lastly, press OK. Sums units sold based on the item. Google Sheets - Sum Elements of a Column's Range by Month. This will display the Google Workspace Marketplace. Here is the dataset. For this, go to the cell where we need to see the output, type the “=” (Equal) sign, search, and select the SUMIFS function. Would you please edit your question to describe exactly. April 15, 2017 Adam Steinfurth. QUERY+IMPORTRANGE alternative to automate data import on a schedule. I am trying to create a function that adds up all of the miles driven between two dates while using the =arrayformula function to iterate down the column the results. Suppose we have the following sheet named Sheet1 in Google Sheets that contains some data about basketball players: Now suppose we’d like to switch to Sheet2 and count the total players who have more than 30 points. The WORKDAY Function works exactly the same in Google Sheets as in Excel: Easy Excel Automation. SUMIF Date Range Google Sheets. The function will return an integer value representing the month, where January is. Or click the cell, enter =SUM ( and select the cells. EOMONTH: Returns the last day of the month, n months away date. DATEDIF Function Overview. Here is that awesome Sumif formula to sum by month in an open range in Google Sheets. MONTH INCOME January {formula goes here and in subsequent rows} February March April May {&c. filter. Whether you're here to learn, to share, or simply to indulge in your love for Sum If By Month Excel Google Sheets Automate Excel, you've found a community that welcomes you with open arms. The following Google Sheets Query formula will extract all the rows from the previous month (the rows containing the previous month’s dates in the second column in the range). Calculate dates and times; Combine sheets by column headers; Trim extra spaces; Count characters and words;. Need to sum the month dates into year date --- ex: year 2018 is the sum of all months in 2018. Sorted by: 18. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. NETWORKDAYS: Number of working days between 2 dates. Viewed 823 times 2 I have some simple data in the following format: I need to make a sum of the last column, but based on the text in Domain column. We're rolling back the changes to the Acceptable Use Policy. The start date is the earliest date value in A2 to A12. Click Create. The sum of Qty will come under both, from the shipped date of 1-31-2019 to 3-18-2019. 81 April-23 $233. I need a formula to add upto the month i. The criteria you use in the formula can be a number or. SERIESSUM: Given parameters , , m, and , returns the power series sum a 1 x n + a 2(n+m) +. . yyyy; Google Sheet uses Fr. A new menu will appear. g. =query (A1:F,"Select Month (A)+1, Sum (F) where A is not null group by Month (A)+1 pivot B",1) Finally, use the LABEL clause to rename sum (month (Date)1 ()) (please see the above image), the column name “Date” replaced by. =ArrayFormula (SUMIF (MONTH (A2:A),"="&MONTH (A1),C2:C)) If you have different years use. SUM: Returns the sum of a series of numbers and/or cells. One is SUMIF (old-school), and the other is SCAN. If I remove the header, I just get a 0 for the sum for each month, which is incorrect. The following examples show how to use each formula in practice. The Week Number helper column is calculated using the WEEKNUM Function: =WEEKNUM(B3,1) Next, we will use the SUMIFS Function to sum all Sales that take place in a specific Week Number. 3) Use the Data > Pivot table report feature to make a summary table. This will require you to delete the day setting. In the dropdown, we then select Create pivot date group and select Month. INTL WORKDAY. Here a direct link to Coefficient’s Google Workspace Marketplace listing. I've poked around and found that you can use sumif or you can use a filter. ’. In the Pivot Table dialog box, select the Existing sheet option and enter E1 in the Location field. 3) Use the Data > Pivot table report feature to make a summary table. The SUMIFS Function sums data that meet certain criteria. g. SUMIF between two numbers in Excel and Google Sheets; SUMIF in Google Sheets; Excel: featured articles. Search. In the Spend sheet, I have column for the date, name and dollar amount. The original SUMIF function was limited to just one criterion. You can use the following formula to count the number of occurrences by month in Google Sheets: =SUMPRODUCT (1* (MONTH (A1:A10)=11)) This particular formula counts the number of dates in the range A1:A10 that occur in the eleventh month (November) of the year. Create a new sheet. QUOTIENT: Returns one number divided by. I have a Google Sheets budget spreadsheet that uses SUMIF to calculate bills due between certain days of the month. The “Worklog” sheet is formatted like so:The formula below extracts the month from the date in cell A1 and uses the TODAY and DATE functions to create a date on the first day of the same month in the current year. SUMIF Date Range Google Sheets. . How to Round to Nearest 25 in Google Sheets. You could always create a new sheet (which we will call sheet3) which you hide afterwards. See Also. This tutorial will demonstrate how to use the SUMIFS function to sum data month-to-date or year-to-date in Excel and Google Sheets. An alternative solution is to change the format of the cell having the formula use. Search. Here are the steps, Select the desired cell. First, enter the data values into Excel: Step 2: Extract the Month from Dates. This is similar to the previous function, but it gives you a date that is a specified number of months before or after a date. This will display the Google Workspace Marketplace. First, we will demonstrate how to sum data corresponding to dates that fall in a specific month and year. MONTH Syntax. Result. 1 Answer. SUMIF is one of those functions that can save you time from manual work. I used EDATE to calculate the date 3 months before. Arrayformula replacement for sumifs. When you work with the ARRAYFORMULA function, you have to be careful with the array sizes. The above is the basic example of how to use COUNTIF to count by month in Google Sheets. If month doesn't start with Monday then from day 1 to 2nd Sunday of the month to be marked as week1 next Monday to Sunday to be marked as week2 next Monday to Sunday to be marked as. The easiest. Picture below. April 15, 2017 Adam Steinfurth. Step 3: Create a Pivot Table. To start, open your Google Sheets spreadsheet and then type. Here’s how: Select the cell you want the total to be in. To group the data by month, right click on any value in the Date column of the pivot table and click Create pivot date group, then click Month: The data in the pivot table will automatically be grouped by month: The pivot table now shows the sum of the sales grouped by month. The data for each week is contained in sheets named "Calender Week 01", "Calender Week 02", and so on. Replace the criterion, i. Google Sheets sum if function Step 3. All. Example 1: COUNTIF From Another Sheet. In cell E2, enter the following formula: =SUMIFS (B2:B, TEXT (A2:A, "MMMM yyyy"), D2) Copy the formula: Drag the formula down from E2 to cover all the unique months in column D. Please do note that the above table is in the range A1:F10 in the sheet named ‘SOA’. First, we will demonstrate how to sum data corresponding to dates that fall in a specific month and year. I am trying to figure out a formula that . . To create a pivot table that summarizes this dataset, click the Insert tab and then click Pivot table: In the window that appears, type in the range of the data to use for the pivot table and select a cell in the existing sheet to place the pivot table: Once you click Create, an empty pivot table will. Set the formatting to custom and choose month / year. The syntax of the SUMIFS function requires that you first specify the values to add up (sum_range), and then provide range/criteria pairs. The SUMIF function is useful for a single criterion or condition, as the above example discusses. ”. Month and Year in Range Column. ), you’ll need to nest FILTER with additional functions. Click on the Coefficient app in the search results. In the Spend sheet, I have column for the date, name and dollar amount. Explanation of the Formula. The field labels are Date, Description, and Amount in A1:C1 (please refer to the screenshot above). Summarise dates by month - excel. You can use the EDATE() function in Google Sheets to quickly add a certain number of months to a date. Use Conditional Formatting with three rules: (Format -> Conditional formatting) "Date is before" "in the past week" -> red. You can have the sum of sales for a month or a year using the Pivot Table. I have tried the following formula which sums all of the hours worked within the date range: =SUMIFS('2. 0. ">="&D5 = criteria_range1 condition. First, click Extensions from the Google Sheets menu. Now, as we are interested in finding the amount spent on the salary of the IT department, the “range” argument will be replaced with the “ B2:B20 “. Choose Add-ons -> Get add-ons. DATE (YEAR (A2);MONTH (A2);1) remove the day and time from the date so for example 2018/05/03 and 2018/05/06 both become 2018/05/01 which is still a date which can then be grouped together. PRODUCT: Returns the result of multiplying a. Hot Network Questions Indium and Gallium Toxicity Does Japan have any reason to ever repay its debt?. SUMIF(range, criterion, [sum_range]) SUM: Returns the sum of a series of numbers and/or cells. Suppose we want to calculate the total for Large products in New York: The SUMIFS function to calculate the total for two conditions, Large and New York, is: =SUMIFS (D2:D11,B2:B11,"New York",C2:C11,"Large") which gives an answer of $3,020. SUMIF in Google Sheets for a month and if a column contains text. if you add value in meetings!j you also need to add value in meetings!i and such value in meetings!i needs to be present in circulation!A. So here is that SUMIF formula in cell B2. Then use it with the PIVOT clause. Here is the formula I have tried without luck. Step 1. Press the return key. Some things are labeled by month( January, February) and some things have specific dates of transactions(1/15/23, 4/6/23). Its arguments are as follows: SUMIFS (sum_range, criteria_range1, criterion1, [criteria_range2, criterion2,. Share. Clear searchThe formula below extracts the month from the date in cell A1 and uses the TODAY and DATE functions to create a date on the first day of the same month in the current year. ) The formula needs at least the first two parameters to work properly. Now let’s apply Sumifs and calculate the sum between the two dates. Months and years are only counted if they are equal to or go past the "day. There click “Filter by condition” and under “Custom formula is” apply my below custom formula. I'm trying to write a formula to grab how much I spent for a particular month. There you go! A simple way to group a large amount of data by month using the Pivot Table in Google Sheets. Choose the range. Click the ‘Format’ option at the top of the page. Recarding COUNTIF, this function requires two arguments and if you will use. When you work with the ARRAYFORMULA function, you have to be careful with the array sizes. google-sheets-formula. Step 6. The question says sum all invoices that were sent the previous month, and are still outstanding. Here is the syntax for the SUBTOTAL formula in Sheets: =SUBTOTAL (code, range1,. You need to use an array approach. YEAR(date) where the argument can be a cell reference, date, or number. The start date is in column B and the end date is in column C. But first we need to add a helper column containing the WEEKNUM Function. = DATE ( YEAR ( TODAY (), MONTH (A1),1) // same month current year. The problem is that the benefits evaluation doesn't assess a month as a set number of days, it assesses the percentage of each month, so for example, 1 day. and the sum per. "<="&EOMONTH (D5,0) = criteria_range2 condition. By default, Excel converts the date to the number of days since 1/1/1900. Syntax =SUMIFS(values to sum range, date range, >minimum date) =SUMIF(date range, >minimum date, values to sum range)Choose "Custom Formula" from the dropdown, and paste the following in: -day (today ()) get the day and subtract it from the today in the previous point. How to Use SUMIF for a Given Date Range in Google Sheets. Here is the logic. Its syntax is: This example will sum the number of Planned Deliveries on a specific Date by using the SUMIFS and DATE Functions. Sumif cell values between two given dates in Google sheets with formula. Step 3: Hit EnterThe purpose of the AGE_CALC Named Function is to return age in years, months, and days from a birth date to another date in Google Sheets. 2. I wish to calculate MTD (Month to Date) of some products. date; google-sheets; sum; google-sheets-formula; google-sheets-query; or ask your own question. QUOTIENT: Returns one number divided by another, without the remainder. Google Sheets use serialized numbers for dates and time, using a day as the unit. Step 1: Enter the Data. Search. The date can be entered as a cell reference, a date value, or a date string. How to Auto Increment Values in Google Sheets. Formula. You have learned to filter the current month’s data using Query. Step #1: Open the Google sheet . for all 12 months} I'm trying to get a sum of values in column E from another sheet, called "Worklog", calculating the income total per month. Another set of data is given below. Filtering by date and time also requires using additional functions. I used EDATE to calculate the date 3 months before. You can use SUMIF & SUMIFS functions to conditionally sum values based on dates. Formula Breakdown: (F2>=B3:B)* (F2<=C3:C): Our condition is to determine whether the date (cell F3) is in the range. 1. The above settings will create a drop-down menu in Cell A2 containing the Sheet names. Often you may want to sum the values of a dataset in Google Sheets based on year. Start Here; VBA. The SUMIF function can even sum numbers based on a date — such as values related to a specific date, or before or after a date. Formula: Daily Sales Summary Involving Date, Product, and Total Qty. SERIESSUM: Given parameters x, n, m, and a, returns the power series sum a 1 x n + a 2 x (n+m) +. After that, in the second argument (criteria_range1), specify the range where you have the dates. Sum values from month. Featured on Meta Update: New Colors Launched. Revenue Gained. So you can select the Sheet names from this menu. Method 6: Combination of SUMIFS and EOMONTH Functions to Sum in a Specific Month. It is used to scan through a range of cells checking for a specific criterion, and then adding up values in a range that correspond to those values. Use the EDATE function to add (or subtract) months to a date in Excel, Google Sheets, and VBA. Next, we need to use the =MONTH() function to extract the month from each date. As I stated in another question, I tried to sum Col B, based on the month in Col A. Using these data tables I will explain the ways to do SUMIF date range month in Excel. Picture below. I have a list of fruits (column A) and I want to check how prices have shifted in this month (column C) compared to the previous one (columns B). The SUMIF function is Google Sheets is designed to sum numeric data based on one condition. Example 2: Date Criteria. Enter another comma, and add the amount column range. To find the end date of the current month, refer to the following formula: =EOMONTH (TODAY (),0) Now, see how to incorporate these. Choose Add-ons -> Get add-ons. Use Google Sheets to create and edit online spreadsheets. This help content & information General Help Center experience. Get insights together with secure sharing in real-time and from any device. or you can get the day value, add n to this value and rebuild the date with that. The MONTH function is a simple date function that extracts the month from a given time. 3. Here are the steps you need to follow to input the formula in this situation: Click on the cell where you wish to input the formula, C2 in the example. Clear search In other words, the SUMIFS in Google Sheets adds values to a total only when multiple conditions are met. We can use the following syntax to do so: =COUNTIF (Sheet1!B2:B9, ">30")This help content & information General Help Center experience. Type in an equal sign (=). Build the table and then choose h. 40 per. Let us consider a Google Sheet where the data in the sheet is similar to the data shown in the below image. Modified 3 years, 2 months ago. To sumif cell values between two given dates in another column, the following formula can help you,. More formula examples can be found in SUMIFS with date range as criteria. Google Sheets, and VBA to count the number of days, months, or years between dates. Here a direct link to Coefficient’s Google Workspace Marketplace listing. This video illustrates how to create a Query in Google Sheets where the output groups a Date Field by "Month. We are selecting Year-Month instead of Month since it is possible that your data may span multiple years. Ensure that Year is above month so your Pivot table first groups by year, then by month 6) Drag the Count. Stack Overflow. But you definitely *do* want to analyze that form data. To get the day simply use getDate (). Select the test scores. I've tried the following but it doesn't work. Right-click on any of the dates and hover over the Create pivot date group option. sum the invoices that were sent prior to the month, and have not been paid within the month This is OK, and easily doable but, if I may respectfully suggest, it is NOT what the question says. Click on the Coefficient app in the search results. Sum_range should be the same size and shape as range. FILTER by date and time in Google Sheets. Basic Running total. Credit for missing dates in series: "--Hyde", Google Docs Help Forum Automatically Insert Missing. e. I'm sorry I can't share this sheet as it's for work, but it's fairly straightforward. Modified 3 years, 6 months ago. The old dates and header will be replaced, and the column in 'Next Month' will auto-update again, ready for you to do the same next month,. "YM": the number of whole months between start_date and end_date after subtracting whole years. Replace "test" with your logical test and then replace the "value_if_true" and. In this method, we’ll use the SUMIFS function and the EOMONTH function to sum up for a specific month. The easiest and the only way I know how to do so is by using =SUMIF formula to sum amounts from "C" column by inputting a whole date from column "A" as a criteria, like so: =SUMIF(inservice!A3:A200;"2019-09-03";inservice!C3:C200)Sum if - Month or Year to Date: Sum if - By Year: Sum if - Blank / Non-Blank: Sum if - Horizontal Sum: Count / Sum If - Cell Color: INDIRECT Sum: Sum If - Across Multiple Sheets:. Related. ‼️💰FREE💰‼️ English Practice Tests 2000 Questions*****. all dates in a given month, or all dates between two dates) you'll want to switch. Type "=SUMIF" and press the Tab key. Import a specific range of data with the select QUERY clause. QUOTIENT: Returns one number divided by. Google Sheets sum if function Step 3. How do I Sumif between two dates in Google Sheets? Type “=SUMIF” and press the Tab key. Explanation. Click on the Coefficient app in the search results. MONTH(A3:A) extracts the month from the dates in column A UNIQUE(MONTH(A3:A)) finds the unique months from this list SUMIF() takes the month of each row as the range for the summation, the list of unique months as the criteria, and then the total values H3:H as the range to sum. This help content & information General Help Center experience. You can use the following formula to count the number of occurrences by month in Google Sheets: =SUMPRODUCT (1* (MONTH (A1:A10)=11)) This particular formula counts the number of dates in the range A1:A10 that occur in the eleventh month (November) of the year. Accept the prompts to install. =ArrayFormula({{unique(text(filter(A2:A,A2:A<>""),"MMMM"))}, {sumif(text(filter(A2:A,A2:A<>""),"MMMM"), unique(text(filter(A2:A,A2:A<>""),"MMMM")),F2:F)}}) Often you may want to sum the values of some dataset in Google Sheets based on month. The TEXT Function works exactly the same in Google Sheets as in Excel: TEXT Examples in VBA. =ArrayFormula (month (A2:A7)) Consider this (the formula output) month numbers as the range in Countif. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to. In numbers (one or two digits) as the day of month, for example, 2 or 12. Remember that dates are just saved as numbers by your spreadsheet with date formatting applied. See doc on JS date here. First, calculate the number of years passed, you do this by using the =DATEDIF (B1,B2,“Y”) It shows 5 years instead of 6 because 5 full years have passed between the two dates. Example 3: Text Condition. Next, we need to use the =MONTH() function to extract the month from each date. I want to count up the number of attendees for a certain month based on the number of attendees on a certain date but can't find the formula to not having it to drag down manually. In other words, the SUMIFS in Google Sheets adds values to a total only when multiple conditions are met. I have 1 drop down cell with date years (2022) and one cell with drop down with month (full name as in January) I want to select the month and year and want to show all my expenses based on the selected year and month. How do I get this to work for each month the way my sheet is setup? Round every day of the month to the first day of the month. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. I am learning Google Sheet and I am trying to create my own sheet to track expenses. How to Count Cells Between Two Values in Google Sheets. For instance, 0 would find the end of the month specified by when; 1 would find it for the month after when; and -1 would find it for the month prior to. Using the versatile SUMIF function, see how you can create cell totals from a certain date. Creating a YTD (year-to-date) reports has never been easier. Then use the number 6 (June) as the criterion. Google Sheets SUM formula example for scattered cells =sum(B1,B3,C2,D1,D3)Select the cell into which you want your sum to appear. Let's see how this works in Google Sheets now, shall we? Work out percent change from column to column. 0. EOMONTH function will return the end date of the selected month. for all 12 months} I'm trying to get a sum of values in column E from another sheet, called "Worklog", calculating the income total per month. You can also use the TEXT function in VBA. Share. SUMIF(range, criterion, [sum_range]) Now take a look at my above formula. The closing parenthesis for the SUMIF function is in the wrong position. 5 = 1/2 day = 12 hours. Editor’s note: This is a revised version of a previous post that has been updated for accuracy and. Use Conditional Formatting with three rules: (Format -> Conditional formatting) "Date is before" "in the past week" -> red. Suppose we want to total all the sales that. Search for “Coefficient”. =SUM (O10+-W7). Click on the Field Label “Date of Birth”. In the above Google Sheets SUMIFS multiple criteria example, the function checked each cell from B2 to B9, C2 to C9, and D2 to D9 to find cells that satisfy all three conditions – “Manufacturing”, “ New York ” and “ <01/01/2020 ” respectively. Quite simply, you enter numbers representing a year, a month and a day, e.